English Articles arşivleri - İNSANOKUR

Adam Smith’s Four Stages of Social Development Theory (VİDEO)

cemalumit — Wed, 21 Jan 2026 08:52:27 +0000

Adam Smith’s theory of social development examines human history by dividing it into four fundamental stages: hunting, pastoralism, agriculture, and commerce. According to this theory, the progress of societies is built not on intellectual accumulation, but on economic factors and the expansion of property rights. Smith views the most advanced stage, commercial society, as the

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Adam Smith’s Four Stages of Social Development Theory

cemalumit — Wed, 21 Jan 2026 07:29:58 +0000

Adam Smith distinguishes four distinct stages of social development based on the expansion of the concept of personality and the progress made in the scope of rights. His view of history as a philosophy of history, which also consists of an understanding of “four-stage historical progress,” is of great importance not only as another expression

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An Interpretation of the “Butterfly Dream” Narrative by the Chinese Taoist Philosopher Zhuangzi from the Perspective of Epistemology

cemalumit — Mon, 19 Jan 2026 15:27:33 +0000

1. Introduction Zhuangzi (369–286 BC) is one of the most original representatives of Taoist thought. His philosophy is less about establishing a metaphysical system and more about problematizing how humans perceive the world. The passage from his work, Zhuangzi , known in the literature as the “butterfly dream ,” is one of the most debated epistemological texts in Chinese

An Interpretation of the “Butterfly Dream” Narrative by the Chinese Taoist Philosopher Zhuangzi from the Perspective of Epistemology yazısı ilk önce İNSANOKUR üzerinde ortaya çıktı.

Fathers and Sons – Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev “Bazarov is my beloved son”

cemalumit — Mon, 19 Jan 2026 09:01:10 +0000

Fathers and Sons, one of the most important works of world literature, is also the masterpiece of its author, Turgenev. The novel is significant not only for illuminating a crucial point in Russia’s political history but also for its ruthless dramatization of generational differences, juxtaposing the new with the old, the rising with the dying,

Fathers and Sons – Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev “Bazarov is my beloved son” yazısı ilk önce İNSANOKUR üzerinde ortaya çıktı.

How does the difference between Chernyshevsky’s ideological character Rakhmetov and Dostoevsky’s tragic character Raskolnikov define the modern subject?

cemalumit — Mon, 19 Jan 2026 08:44:22 +0000

19th-century Russian novels offer a philosophical space for discussion regarding the formation of the modern subject. While Rakhmetov in Chernyshevsky’s * What Is to Be Done? * represents the rational, disciplined, and ideologically pure “new man,” Raskolnikov in Dostoevsky’s * Crime and Punishment * reveals the fragmented, contradictory, and tragic nature of the modern individual. 1. Introduction: The Literary

How does the difference between Chernyshevsky’s ideological character Rakhmetov and Dostoevsky’s tragic character Raskolnikov define the modern subject? yazısı ilk önce İNSANOKUR üzerinde ortaya çıktı.

The Intellectual Struggle Between Crime and Punishment, Fathers and Sons, and What Is To Be Done?: Ideology, Violation, and the Design of Man in the Russian Novel

cemalumit — Mon, 19 Jan 2026 08:35:21 +0000

19th-century Russian literature is not only a field of aesthetic production but also a textual laboratory of political, philosophical, and ethical conflicts. Turgenev’s Fathers and Sons , Chernyshevsky’s What Is to Be Done?, and Dostoevsky’s Crime and Punishment are among the most critical texts in this laboratory. This study examines these three novels as links in an ideological chain, investigating how

The Intellectual Struggle Between Crime and Punishment, Fathers and Sons, and What Is To Be Done?: Ideology, Violation, and the Design of Man in the Russian Novel yazısı ilk önce İNSANOKUR üzerinde ortaya çıktı.

Dolokhov and the Anti-Hero Figure: An Early Appearance of a Modern Type in War and Peace

cemalumit — Wed, 14 Jan 2026 06:41:15 +0000

Lev Tolstoy’s novel War and Peace (1869) is not only an epic account of historical events but also one of the pioneering examples of character development in the modern novel. Fyodor Dolokhov , one of the novel’s remarkable secondary characters, seriously challenges the traditional hero typology with his moral ambiguity, propensity for violence, and actions prioritizing self-interest. 1. The

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Heinrich Moritz Chalybaus’s 1837 work distorts Hegel’s dialectic by reducing it to a thesis-antithesis-synthesis scheme.

cemalumit — Tue, 13 Jan 2026 11:52:42 +0000

This article examines how Heinrich Moritz Chalybaus’s presentation of Hegelian dialectics as a “thesis-antithesis-synthesis” scheme in his 1837 work, *Historische Entwicklung der speculativen Philosophie von Kant bis Hegel* , distorts the specific logic of Hegelian philosophy. The study demonstrates that this tripartite scheme is not a methodological principle in Hegel’s fundamental texts; instead, it argues that Hegelian

Heinrich Moritz Chalybaus’s 1837 work distorts Hegel’s dialectic by reducing it to a thesis-antithesis-synthesis scheme. yazısı ilk önce İNSANOKUR üzerinde ortaya çıktı.

The Meaning of Denisov’s Inability to Pronounce the “r” in Tolstoy’s Novel War and Peace

cemalumit — Tue, 13 Jan 2026 10:58:22 +0000

In Leo Tolstoy’s novel War and Peace , the inability of the character Vasili Denisov to pronounce the letter “r,” while seemingly a characteristic detail on the surface, is directly related to the novel’s deeper structure, its understanding of language, corporeality, and the historical subject. This article aims to examine Denisov’s speech defect within the context of

The Meaning of Denisov’s Inability to Pronounce the “r” in Tolstoy’s Novel War and Peace yazısı ilk önce İNSANOKUR üzerinde ortaya çıktı.

Mythological Traces in Tolstoy’s Novel War and Peace

cemalumit — Mon, 12 Jan 2026 08:46:05 +0000

Lev Tolstoy’s novel War and Peace has often been classified in literary history as the “pinnacle of historical realism.” However, this classification risks obscuring the mythological, archetypal, and cosmological elements that operate within the work’s deeper structure. Tolstoy systematically dismantles the subject-centered, progressive, and rationalist assumptions of modern historiography, consciously bringing his narrative closer to a proto-mythical

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Kutuzov in Tolstoy’s War and Peace: A Rare Historical Figure Who Escaped the Illusion of “I Can Do Anything”?

cemalumit — Mon, 12 Jan 2026 06:09:13 +0000

Lev Tolstoy’s novel War and Peace is not only a historical account of the Napoleonic Wars, but also a profound philosophical critique of the modern understanding of history, the myth of heroism, and the will of the subject. One of the central figures in this critique is Marshal Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov. Tolstoy deliberately avoids glorifying Kutuzov as

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In the novel 1984, why does a totalitarian regime not only eliminate its enemy but also seek to convince them of its own righteousness?

cemalumit — Mon, 12 Jan 2026 05:20:23 +0000

George Orwell’s novel 1984 is one of the most comprehensive literary texts demonstrating that totalitarian power operates not only through physical force but also by transforming the subject’s consciousness. In the novel, power does not merely eliminate its enemy; it aims to sincerely convince them of its own righteousness. This choice is not a coincidental

In the novel 1984, why does a totalitarian regime not only eliminate its enemy but also seek to convince them of its own righteousness? yazısı ilk önce İNSANOKUR üzerinde ortaya çıktı.

In Ernest Hemingway’s “The Old Man and the Sea,” does struggling to achieve a goal even if one cannot achieve it carry existential meaning?

cemalumit — Sun, 11 Jan 2026 21:23:15 +0000

Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea deeply questions one of the fundamental questions of human existence, namely the relationship between struggle and the search for meaning. Santiago’s epic struggle with a giant swordfish is not only a physical effort, but also represents man’s own limits, his relationship with nature, and his effort to

In Ernest Hemingway’s “The Old Man and the Sea,” does struggling to achieve a goal even if one cannot achieve it carry existential meaning? yazısı ilk önce İNSANOKUR üzerinde ortaya çıktı.

How can Prince Andrey’s introversion and melancholy in Tolstoy’s War and Peace be interpreted within the context of Freud’s Mourning and Melancholia?

cemalumit — Thu, 08 Jan 2026 09:31:35 +0000

In Leo Tolstoy’s novel War and Peace , Prince Andrey Bolkonsky is one of the figures who embodies the most intense internal conflicts in the narrative. Andrey’s war experience, the death of his wife, and the collapse of his ideals transform him into an increasingly withdrawn, introverted, and emotionally numb individual. When this state of mind is read in

How can Prince Andrey’s introversion and melancholy in Tolstoy’s War and Peace be interpreted within the context of Freud’s Mourning and Melancholia? yazısı ilk önce İNSANOKUR üzerinde ortaya çıktı.

Between Necessity and Freedom: Tolstoy’s and Spinoza’s Determinism in War and Peace

cemalumit — Wed, 07 Jan 2026 07:17:08 +0000

Tolstoy’s critique of free will, developed in War and Peace , shares a strong intellectual kinship with Spinoza’s doctrine of necessity, one of the most radical models of determinism in modern philosophy . Both thinkers consider free will an illusion of consciousness stemming from a lack of knowledge of the true causes of human actions . However, Tolstoy develops this idea

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Free Will in Tolstoy’s War and Peace: A Fairy Tale?

cemalumit — Wed, 07 Jan 2026 07:01:26 +0000

Lev Tolstoy’s novel War and Peace (1865–1869) is not only an epic account of the Napoleonic Wars, but also a comprehensive inquiry into the philosophy of history , ethics , and the issue of free will . In the novel, Tolstoy systematically critiques both narratives of individual heroism and the concept of “history of great men,” raising the question of whether human actions

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Chichikov’s Obsession with Money and Prestige: The Search for Social Approval in the Context of Lacan’s “Big Other”

cemalumit — Tue, 06 Jan 2026 20:31:19 +0000

This study psychoanalyzes the character Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov in Nikolai Gogol’s novel Dead Souls (1842) within the context of Jacques Lacan’s concept of the “Big Other.” Chichikov’s obsession with money and social prestige can be interpreted not as an individual ambition, but rather as a manifestation of his attempt to seek the approval of the

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Two Paths to Meaning: Siddhartha – Zarathustra (VİDEO)

cemalumit — Tue, 06 Jan 2026 17:41:53 +0000

This video explores the philosophical similarities and fundamental differences between Hermann Hesse’s river metaphor in Siddhartha and Friedrich Nietzsche’s idea of eternal recurrence. It emphasizes that both concepts reject a linear understanding of time, viewing existence as a continuous process of becoming. The video contrasts Siddhartha’s mystical peace and silent wisdom attained through the river

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