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In Ivan Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons,” Yevgeny Bazarov appears as a strict materialist and a passionate advocate of nihilism. At the heart of his philosophy lies the attempt to reduce everything that exists – nature, society, man, and even human consciousness – to mere material processes and physical laws.
OKUMAK İÇİN TIKLAFyodor Pavlovich Karamazov is a morally corrupt, grotesque, and pathological character at the center of Dostoyevsky’s novel The Brothers Karamazov. One of his distinguishing features is his masochistic tendencies and his constant desire to be humiliated. This pattern of behavior requires in-depth psychological examination: is it the result of early
OKUMAK İÇİN TIKLAThe crushing influence of bureaucracy and hierarchy on Akaky Akakiyevich is a tragic symbol of the loneliness and helplessness experienced by the individual in modern society. This situation offers deep philosophical implications about how Akaky shapes his existence, his identity and ultimately his destiny. Loneliness in the Gears of the
OKUMAK İÇİN TIKLAHonoré de Balzac’s novel “The Peasants” boldly displays the rawest and sometimes darkest aspects of human nature in the shadow of the social and economic turmoil that flourished in the French countryside in the 19th century. The novel reveals how universal qualities such as greed, ambition and jealousy are combined
OKUMAK İÇİN TIKLACarl Gustav Jung’s concept of the “shadow” is a cornerstone of analytical psychology and provides a powerful framework for understanding the flaws, weaknesses, and repressed aspects of human nature. The shadow encompasses all of the characteristics, desires, urges, and emotions that an individual’s conscious self (ego) rejects or is unaware
OKUMAK İÇİN TIKLAIn Hinduism, Brahma is conceived as the creative force of the universe, but this creation presents a cyclical, complex, and contradictory reality rather than absolute perfection. The imperfection or suffering of the universe cannot be understood by superficial observation alone; it is deeply connected to the fundamental principles of Hindu
OKUMAK İÇİN TIKLAUmberto Eco’s novel The Name of the Rose establishes a deep philosophical connection between the suppression of laughter in the Middle Ages and the mechanisms of censorship in the modern age. This connection is shaped through the themes of the desire of the government to control the truth, the regulation
OKUMAK İÇİN TIKLASchopenhauer’s Concept of “Will” in the Context of Heathcliff: Prisoner of Passions or Conscious Agent of Evil? The concept of “will” (Wille) in Arthur Schopenhauer’s philosophy is based on the fact that man’s basic impulses and unconscious desires determine his actions. According to Schopenhauer, will is a blind and relentless
OKUMAK İÇİN TIKLAThe Death of Mem û Zîn: Absurd or Catharsis? The tragic ending in Ehmedê Xanî’s Mem û Zîn can be read from two basic philosophical perspectives: Is it a dead end of meaninglessness that confronts Albert Camus’s concept of the “absurd,” or should it be seen as the “exaltation of
OKUMAK İÇİN TIKLAThe remorse of conscience experienced by the Raskolnikov character in Dostoyevsky’s Crime and Punishment embodies one of the most complex moral contradictions discussed in the history of philosophy. The psychological collapse that Raskolnikov experiences after the murder raises fundamental problems such as the “ontological status of conscience,” “free will and
OKUMAK İÇİN TIKLAThe dogma of “2+2=5” in George Orwell’s novel 1984 raises a profound philosophical question about how truth can be reconstructed by the discourse of power. This statement is not only the propaganda of a totalitarian regime, but also leads us to question fundamental philosophical issues such as epistemological reality, the
OKUMAK İÇİN TIKLAWoland, the demonic figure in Mikhail Bulgakov’s The Master and Margarita, is a character with a deep philosophical function that transcends traditional representations of evil. His understanding of justice is not limited to simply balancing crime and punishment; rather, it is a mechanism that exposes man’s moral decay and forces
OKUMAK İÇİN TIKLACarlo M. Cipolla’s “The Basic Laws of Human Stupidity” are five basic laws that analyze human behavior and especially the concept of “stupidity”, which he presented in a humorous but profound article published in 1976. Cipolla defines stupidity through irrational behaviors of individuals that harm themselves and others, and with
OKUMAK İÇİN TIKLAThe Philosophical Anatomy of the Relationship Between Poverty and Crime in Oliver Twist: An Existential Conflict Charles Dickens’s Oliver Twist treats the relationship between poverty and crime not as a purely sociological phenomenon, but as an ontological issue that reveals the fundamental contradictions of human existence. While the novel presents
OKUMAK İÇİN TIKLAThe character of Azdak in Bertolt Brecht’s The Caucasian Chalk Circle emerges during a chaotic period of social transition when traditional institutions of justice collapse and power constantly changes hands. His identity as a “rule-breaking” judge presents a radical thesis that justice in a corrupt system can only be possible
OKUMAK İÇİN TIKLAShakespeare’s Hamlet is not only a revenge tragedy, but also a philosophical text that delves into the depths of human consciousness. Hamlet’s tragic flaw (hamartia) is not a simple mistake in the Aristotelian sense, but an existential contradiction and a paradox of modern consciousness. This flaw is shaped by his
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