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The petrifying effect of Medusa’s gaze expresses not only a physical transformation in Greek mythology, but also a deep metaphysical and psychological layer of meaning. In today’s world, this legendary power can be reinterpreted under a philosophical lens as a powerful metaphor that points to the various existential, ethical and
OKUMAK İÇİN TIKLAAchilles’ journey in the Iliad strikingly reveals the tension between emotion and reason, one of the most fundamental dualities of human nature. In Homer’s epic, Achilles acts under the influence of strong emotions, especially anger (menis) and revenge. The question of to what extent these emotions alienate his decisions from
OKUMAK İÇİN TIKLAThe Relationship Between Freud’s Id, Ego and Superego Concepts and the Karamazov Brothers According to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, human psychology consists of three basic structures: id (primitive drives, pleasure seeking), ego (balancing element acting with the reality principle) and superego (moral standards, conscience). In The Brothers Karamazov, Dmitri, Ivan and
OKUMAK İÇİN TIKLAIn Goethe’s Faust, Mephisto is a character who questions the dark aspects, desires and limits of human nature as a demonic figure. For Mephisto, pain is a fundamental component of human existence; it is neither a sacred test nor a divine blessing, but merely a natural result of human desires,
OKUMAK İÇİN TIKLABeing and Non-being: Opposition or Totality? In philosophical thought, being and non-being are among the most fundamental ontological concepts. In ancient Greece, Parmenides considered being as an absolute reality and in a sense rejected non-being by saying, “There is no non-being, what exists exists.” According to him, non-being is something
OKUMAK İÇİN TIKLALantier’s cry is a direct call to the concept of justice. Justice has been one of the cornerstones of philosophical thought from Plato to Rawls. In the Republic, Plato defines justice as each individual receiving what they deserve and the social order functioning in harmony. However, in Lantier’s world, the
OKUMAK İÇİN TIKLALev Tolstoy’s novel War and Peace is not only a historical epic or the story of individual characters, but also a laboratory of thought seeking answers to the most fundamental philosophical questions of human existence. The nature of free will and its position vis-à-vis the flow of historical events come
OKUMAK İÇİN TIKLAAccording to Charles Darwin’s evolutionary perspective, moral values cannot be directly related to biological evolutionary processes in human survival. However, from an evolutionary perspective, moral values can be considered to play an important role in enabling people to cooperate in social life, maintain order within groups, and increase their chances
OKUMAK İÇİN TIKLA[Raskolnikov and Bazarov are sitting in a cafe under neon lights in a chaotic 21st-century metropolis. Raskolnikov is lost in thought as he sips his coffee, astonished by the speed and consumerism of the modern world. Bazarov examines the smartphone on the table, a wry smile on his face.] Raskolnikov:
OKUMAK İÇİN TIKLAIn Elias Canetti’s novel Blindness (Die Blendung, 1935), Peter Kien’s relationships with other characters strikingly coincide with Jean-Paul Sartre’s phrase “others are hell” (L’enfer, c’est les autres). Sartre’s famous statement emphasizes in his play Huis Clos (1944) that the individual’s encounter with the other creates an existential conflict and that
OKUMAK İÇİN TIKLAThe Ontological Dynamism of Yin-Yang and the Problem of the Staticity of Moral Truths The Yin-Yang principle, one of the cornerstones of ancient Chinese philosophy, suggests that the universe is in a constant state of transformation and interaction. According to this principle, everything arises from the dialectical dance of opposing
OKUMAK İÇİN TIKLAThe characters in Dostoyevsky’s novels stand out with their deep internal conflicts, social alienation, and moral questions. Some of these characters appear to have a mental functioning that could be addressed under the heading of “neurodiversity” in contemporary clinical literature. When Prince Myshkin’s behavioral patterns are examined with the classical
OKUMAK İÇİN TIKLAIn world literature, characters who are grateful for their poverty are rare figures who reveal the deep contradictions of human existence, the search for meaning, and how material deprivation can establish a dialectical relationship with spiritual wealth. These characters experience poverty not only as a material deficiency, but also as
OKUMAK İÇİN TIKLAErnest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea deeply questions one of the fundamental questions of human existence, namely the relationship between struggle and the search for meaning. Santiago’s epic struggle with a giant swordfish is not only a physical effort, but also represents man’s own limits, his relationship with
OKUMAK İÇİN TIKLAVladimir Nabokov’s description of Anton Chekhov’s story “The Lady with the Little Dog” (1899) as “one of the greatest stories ever written” was not only an expression of literary appreciation, but also an appreciation of Chekhov’s nuanced perspective on human nature, moral contradictions, and existential depth. While Nabokov, as a
OKUMAK İÇİN TIKLAJosé Saramago’s novel Blindness is a shocking allegory that shows how fragile the invisible structures on which civilization is built are. The loss of the ability to see is not only a physical disability, but also an existential collapse directly related to consciousness, ethics, and the production of meaning. In
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