Okuyun ama yutmayın, çiğneyin.
In modern thought, war has been conceptualized sometimes as a necessary instrument of historical progress, and sometimes as the clearest manifestation of humanity’s moral bankruptcy. This contrast emerges as a distinct philosophical tension between G. W. F. Hegel and Lev Tolstoy. While Hegel positions war as a necessary moment in the dialectical workings of historical
okumak için tıklayınızIntroduction: Modernity’s Test with ViolenceThe tension between Hegel’s understanding of war and Tolstoy’s critique of war points to a fundamental question at the heart of modern political thought: Can violence be justified as a constitutive element of historical and political order? While Hegel rationalizes war as a necessary moment of historical reason, Tolstoy exposes this
okumak için tıklayınızThis video provides an in-depth analysis of Leo Tolstoy’s critique of modern power and history through the figure of Napoleon in his novel War and Peace. The author challenges the traditional “great man” image of Napoleon in historiography, characterizing the idea that individual will governs the course of history as an illusion. The video notes
okumak için tıklayınızLev Tolstoy’s novel War and Peace (1865–1869) is not only a historical narrative about the Napoleonic Wars; it is also a comprehensive philosophical critique of modern concepts of power, history, subjectivity, and causality. While the central figure of the novel, Napoleon, is glorified as a “great man” in traditional historiography, Tolstoy systematically trivializes him, even
okumak için tıklayınızAn Analysis of Michela Murgia’s Book, How to Become a Fascist?IntroductionThe legitimacy of democratic regimes is often grounded in the concept of “the will of the majority.” However, in her ironic yet highly serious text, How to Become a Fascist?, Michela Murgia argues that democracy can transform into its opposite when the principle of the
okumak için tıklayınızMartin Heidegger’s Being and Time offers a radical critique of the subject-centered understanding of knowledge in modern philosophy, considering human existence (Dasein) not on the basis of “knowing,” but on the basis of being (Heidegger, 1927/2018). Hermann Hesse’s novel Siddhartha, on the other hand, focuses on the individual’s search for truth not in doctrines, but
okumak için tıklayınızPrague, in Central European literature, is not merely a geographical location; it is positioned as a literary “subject” with its historical, social, and existential layers. In this context, the relationship established between Jan Neruda’s Prague Stories (Povídky malostranské, 1877) and Franz Kafka’s narrative universe, which took shape at the beginning of the 20th century, is
okumak için tıklayınızJan Neruda, one of the founding figures of 19th-century Czech literature, portrays the Malá Strana (Little Quarter) district of Prague in his work Prague Stories not merely as a backdrop, but as an active element shaping social relations. In Neruda’s narratives, streets, houses, and public spaces become spaces where class differences, status struggles, and the
okumak için tıklayınız🔹 1. Scientific Perspectivea) Psychology Prejudice: If a person begins to attribute the same characteristics to all members of a group (e.g., “People of race X are lazy”), this may be a sign of conscious or unconscious racism. Cognitive biases: The human brain is predisposed to distinguish between “us” and “them.” Evolutionarily, this is a
okumak için tıklayınızIn his work, Consolation of Philosophy (Consolatio Philosophiae), Boethius portrays Fortuna (fortune or chance) as a changeable and unstable force. The fundamental reason for this is that external and temporary blessings in human life (wealth, power, fame, bodily pleasures, etc.) are unstable and unreliable. Boethius bases this view as follows: Fortuna is depicted as a
okumak için tıklayınızPeople’s perception of themselves as the “good side” can be a mechanism used to justify violence against the “other,” but the moral, philosophical, and human dimensions of this situation must be thoroughly examined. The Us vs. Them Distinction: When people feel they belong to a group (“we”), they may exclude the other group (“them”), even
okumak için tıklayınızFor the Buddha, “being in the now” is not just life advice, but a state of radical awareness of the nature of existence. This concept is informed by the Buddhist understandings of mind, suffering, time, and self. Let’s examine this concept in detail below, from its philosophical and psychological perspectives: 🪷 I. What is “Being
okumak için tıklayınızThe clown isn’t just a laughing stock; he voices the invisible cracks in the order. Whether appearing in palaces, on podiums, on screens, or in the streets, the clown is often the mirror of power, but this mirror is broken, crooked, and distorting. This distortion makes reality itself more apparent. The comic is actually the
okumak için tıklayınızJean-Paul Sartre’s thesis that “Man is condemned to freedom” is one of the cornerstones of his existentialist philosophy. What he means by “condemned” here is that freedom is an inevitable destiny for man. Here are the reasons behind Sartre’s radical assertion: According to Sartre, a human being first “exists” and then creates their own essence
okumak için tıklayınızTheir primary goal is to expand their capital, not their nationality.A German boss prefers workers in China if the profit margin is high.A French investor can partner with entrepreneurs of Kurdish or Turkish origin, as long as there is profit.Example:Apple has production in Foxconn factories in China. American capital uses Chinese labor to sell globally.
okumak için tıklayınız“Man knows himself not when he discovers the whole truth, but only when he renounces all lies.” This profound statement conveys the essence of Dostoevsky’s philosophy on human psychology and the issue of self-knowledge. Here is a layered analysis of this sentence: The Limits of the Rational Search: In Notes from the Underground, Dostoevsky argues
okumak için tıklayınızThe failure of characters in Anton Chekhov’s plays to listen to one another is not merely a problem of lack of communication, but also a profound reflection of human nature, social changes, and existential loneliness. This is part of Chekhov’s revolutionary approach to theater. Here are the reasons and implications of this lack of communication:
okumak için tıklayınızIn Tolstoy’s The Death of Ivan Ilyich, the “true life” that the protagonist, Ivan Ilyich, realizes on his deathbed is a concept that can be deeply explored from an existential and phenomenological perspective. This concept represents a spiritual awakening that emerges from the awareness of superficial social norms, inauthentic lifestyles, and the inevitability of death.
okumak için tıklayınızThe dogma of “2+2=5” in George Orwell’s novel 1984 raises a profound philosophical question about how truth can be reconstructed by the discourse of power. This statement is not only the propaganda of a totalitarian regime, but also leads us to question fundamental philosophical issues such as epistemological reality, the dominance of power over truth,
okumak için tıklayınızIn Dostoyevsky’s Crime and Punishment, Raskolnikov’s atonement for his crime is associated with both suffering and awareness (specifically, a moral and spiritual awakening). However, the novel’s deep philosophical underpinnings demonstrate that this process is not simply punishment or repentance. Raskolnikov experiences spontaneous suffering after the murder. The burden of the crime makes him physically ill,
okumak için tıklayınız