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The petrifying effect of Medusa’s gaze expresses not only a physical transformation in Greek mythology, but also a deep metaphysical and psychological layer of meaning. In today’s world, this legendary power can be reinterpreted under a philosophical lens as a powerful metaphor that points to the various existential, ethical and sociocultural dynamics that the individual
okumak için tıklayınızAchilles’ journey in the Iliad strikingly reveals the tension between emotion and reason, one of the most fundamental dualities of human nature. In Homer’s epic, Achilles acts under the influence of strong emotions, especially anger (menis) and revenge. The question of to what extent these emotions alienate his decisions from rationality and how the balance
okumak için tıklayınızThe Relationship Between Freud’s Id, Ego and Superego Concepts and the Karamazov Brothers According to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, human psychology consists of three basic structures: id (primitive drives, pleasure seeking), ego (balancing element acting with the reality principle) and superego (moral standards, conscience). In The Brothers Karamazov, Dmitri, Ivan and Alyosha can be associated with
okumak için tıklayınızIn Goethe’s Faust, Mephisto is a character who questions the dark aspects, desires and limits of human nature as a demonic figure. For Mephisto, pain is a fundamental component of human existence; it is neither a sacred test nor a divine blessing, but merely a natural result of human desires, limits and contradictions. In Faust,
okumak için tıklayınızBeing and Non-being: Opposition or Totality? In philosophical thought, being and non-being are among the most fundamental ontological concepts. In ancient Greece, Parmenides considered being as an absolute reality and in a sense rejected non-being by saying, “There is no non-being, what exists exists.” According to him, non-being is something that cannot be thought of
okumak için tıklayınızLantier’s cry is a direct call to the concept of justice. Justice has been one of the cornerstones of philosophical thought from Plato to Rawls. In the Republic, Plato defines justice as each individual receiving what they deserve and the social order functioning in harmony. However, in Lantier’s world, the miners are far from receiving
okumak için tıklayınızLev Tolstoy’s novel War and Peace is not only a historical epic or the story of individual characters, but also a laboratory of thought seeking answers to the most fundamental philosophical questions of human existence. The nature of free will and its position vis-à-vis the flow of historical events come first among these questions. Throughout
okumak için tıklayınızAccording to Charles Darwin’s evolutionary perspective, moral values cannot be directly related to biological evolutionary processes in human survival. However, from an evolutionary perspective, moral values can be considered to play an important role in enabling people to cooperate in social life, maintain order within groups, and increase their chances of survival as a group.
okumak için tıklayınız[Raskolnikov and Bazarov are sitting in a cafe under neon lights in a chaotic 21st-century metropolis. Raskolnikov is lost in thought as he sips his coffee, astonished by the speed and consumerism of the modern world. Bazarov examines the smartphone on the table, a wry smile on his face.] Raskolnikov: [With a deep sigh] This
okumak için tıklayınızIn Elias Canetti’s novel Blindness (Die Blendung, 1935), Peter Kien’s relationships with other characters strikingly coincide with Jean-Paul Sartre’s phrase “others are hell” (L’enfer, c’est les autres). Sartre’s famous statement emphasizes in his play Huis Clos (1944) that the individual’s encounter with the other creates an existential conflict and that this encounter threatens freedom. Kien’s
okumak için tıklayınızThe Ontological Dynamism of Yin-Yang and the Problem of the Staticity of Moral Truths The Yin-Yang principle, one of the cornerstones of ancient Chinese philosophy, suggests that the universe is in a constant state of transformation and interaction. According to this principle, everything arises from the dialectical dance of opposing but complementary forces (Yin and
okumak için tıklayınızThe characters in Dostoyevsky’s novels stand out with their deep internal conflicts, social alienation, and moral questions. Some of these characters appear to have a mental functioning that could be addressed under the heading of “neurodiversity” in contemporary clinical literature. When Prince Myshkin’s behavioral patterns are examined with the classical psychoanalytic approach, they exhibit a
okumak için tıklayınızIn world literature, characters who are grateful for their poverty are rare figures who reveal the deep contradictions of human existence, the search for meaning, and how material deprivation can establish a dialectical relationship with spiritual wealth. These characters experience poverty not only as a material deficiency, but also as an opportunity for liberation, self-awareness,
okumak için tıklayınızVladimir Nabokov’s description of Anton Chekhov’s story “The Lady with the Little Dog” (1899) as “one of the greatest stories ever written” was not only an expression of literary appreciation, but also an appreciation of Chekhov’s nuanced perspective on human nature, moral contradictions, and existential depth. While Nabokov, as a writer, emphasized aesthetic perfectionism and
okumak için tıklayınızJosé Saramago’s novel Blindness is a shocking allegory that shows how fragile the invisible structures on which civilization is built are. The loss of the ability to see is not only a physical disability, but also an existential collapse directly related to consciousness, ethics, and the production of meaning. In the world of the novel,
okumak için tıklayınızFriedrich Nietzsche interprets the public’s support for authoritarianism not only on a political or historical basis, but also on a deeper philosophical-psychological basis. His approach focuses on the individual’s inner world, value systems and existential orientation. In order to understand this tendency, it is necessary to consider Nietzsche’s basic concepts such as herd psychology, will
okumak için tıklayınızSisyphus is a figure in Greek mythology who was condemned by the gods to a meaningless punishment: rolling a boulder up a mountain, only to have it roll back down each time. This story has become a powerful metaphor for the existential condition of modern man, especially in Albert Camus’s The Myth of Sisyphus. In
okumak için tıklayınızThe story of Orpheus is one of the most touching tragedies in mythology. His struggle to bring back his beloved Eurydice from the underworld is not only a love story, but also a narrative that questions the deepest contradictions of human nature. Despite the ban he received from Hades, Orpheus’s ability to look back at
okumak için tıklayınızMark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a work that deeply examines the conflict between individual conscience and social laws. The novel questions legal but morally controversial practices of the period, such as slavery, and places the moral legitimacy of an individual’s defiance of an unjust law in a philosophical context. This question points to
okumak için tıklayınızJohn Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men, while addressing the existential and social struggles of migrant workers in the Great Depression-era America, strikingly emphasizes the workers’ lack of solidarity. This lack is at the center of the novel not only as a historical and sociological phenomenon but also as an object of philosophical inquiry. Through the
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