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José Saramago’s novel Blindness is a shocking allegory that shows how fragile the invisible structures on which civilization is built are. The loss of the ability to see is not only a physical disability, but also an existential collapse directly related to consciousness, ethics, and the production of meaning. In
OKUMAK İÇİN TIKLAFriedrich Nietzsche interprets the public’s support for authoritarianism not only on a political or historical basis, but also on a deeper philosophical-psychological basis. His approach focuses on the individual’s inner world, value systems and existential orientation. In order to understand this tendency, it is necessary to consider Nietzsche’s basic concepts
OKUMAK İÇİN TIKLASisyphus is a figure in Greek mythology who was condemned by the gods to a meaningless punishment: rolling a boulder up a mountain, only to have it roll back down each time. This story has become a powerful metaphor for the existential condition of modern man, especially in Albert Camus’s
OKUMAK İÇİN TIKLAThe story of Orpheus is one of the most touching tragedies in mythology. His struggle to bring back his beloved Eurydice from the underworld is not only a love story, but also a narrative that questions the deepest contradictions of human nature. Despite the ban he received from Hades, Orpheus’s
OKUMAK İÇİN TIKLAMark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a work that deeply examines the conflict between individual conscience and social laws. The novel questions legal but morally controversial practices of the period, such as slavery, and places the moral legitimacy of an individual’s defiance of an unjust law in a philosophical
OKUMAK İÇİN TIKLAJohn Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men, while addressing the existential and social struggles of migrant workers in the Great Depression-era America, strikingly emphasizes the workers’ lack of solidarity. This lack is at the center of the novel not only as a historical and sociological phenomenon but also as an object
OKUMAK İÇİN TIKLASigmund Freud’s concept of the unconscious is considered one of the cornerstones of modern psychology and has penetrated not only clinical psychoanalysis but also the depths of philosophical thought. In Freud’s theoretical framework, the unconscious is defined as a dynamic area of the human psyche that operates beyond observable consciousness,
OKUMAK İÇİN TIKLAIn Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky’s novels, human nature is essentially chaotic, contradictory and paradoxical. In his literary and intellectual universe, man can neither be fully explained by reason nor reduced to a fixed moral or ideological category. This complex nature constitutes the fundamental conflicts of Dostoyevsky’s novels. Dostoevsky’s understanding of man
OKUMAK İÇİN TIKLAIn Hugo’s works, themes such as social injustice, class inequalities, poverty and social exclusion are at the center of the characters’ existential struggles. The protagonist of Les Misérables, Jean Valjean, is the strongest symbol of these themes. Valjean is a character who was sentenced to years of hard labor for
OKUMAK İÇİN TIKLAThe Arbitrary Nature of Justice In Kafka’s novel The Trial, Josef K. learns one morning that he has been arrested without cause; however, no clear information is given about the crime he is accused of or the functioning of the judicial process. This uncertainty reveals the arbitrary and unpredictable nature
OKUMAK İÇİN TIKLALeo Tolstoy’s novel Anna Karenina provides a profound portrayal of the complex class dynamics of 19th-century Russian society, the tensions between the aristocracy and the peasantry, and the political and economic roles of these classes. The novel presents the luxurious, ostentatiously, and status-oriented lifestyle of the Russian aristocracy, and the
OKUMAK İÇİN TIKLALaw in The Brothers Karamazov: Institution of Justice or Theater of Ideology? Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky’s The Brothers Karamazov is a philosophical novel in which not only individual conflicts but also the mechanisms of social structure, authority and ideology are deeply questioned. In this context, although the legal system in the
OKUMAK İÇİN TIKLATimon of Athens and the Test of Human Nature by Self-interest Shakespeare’s tragedy Timon of Athens is a mirror that questions human nature’s fragile dance between generosity, friendship, and self-interest. Timon’s story tells how a man’s friends, who gather in the shadow of his wealth, become shadows when that wealth
OKUMAK İÇİN TIKLAFrancis Bacon’s theory of the “idols of the mind” (idola mentis), as set forth in Novum Organum, categorizes the sources of illusion through which the human mind tends to distort the truth: tribal idols (general tendencies of human nature), cave idols (individual prejudices), marketplace idols (the fallibility of language and
OKUMAK İÇİN TIKLAAlbert Camus’s novel The Plague (La Peste, 1947) deeply questions not only the physical destruction of an epidemic disease, but also the absurd nature of human existence and how individuals seek meaning in the face of this absurdity. Through the plague outbreak in the city of Oran, the novel examines
OKUMAK İÇİN TIKLAThe Political Critique of Unexamined Life: Socrates’ Philosophical Resistance Socrates’ dictum, “The unexamined life is not worth living” (Ἀνεξέταστος βίος οὐ βιωτὸς ἀνθρώπῳ), is not only an individual ethical call; it is also a radical political challenge directed at the entirety of power, society, and normative structure. The philosophical-political implication
OKUMAK İÇİN TIKLAThe aphorism “What does not kill me makes me stronger” (Was mich nicht umbringt, macht mich stärker) from Friedrich Nietzsche’s Thus Spoke Zarathustra is often discussed as one of the cornerstones of his philosophical system. Although this statement may seem like a summary of Nietzsche’s thoughts on life, pain, and
OKUMAK İÇİN TIKLASchopenhauer’s Ontology of Suffering and the Actuality of the Ways of Liberation Arthur Schopenhauer built the foundation of his philosophical system on the reality of suffering surrounding human existence. According to him, the world is a manifestation of a blind, unconscious, insatiable desire that he calls “will.” This will manifests
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