Kategori: English Articles

In “The Peasants,” Balzac explores the darker aspects of human nature – greed, ambition, jealousy – combined with the hardships of rural life. Do you think human nature becomes more apparent in such environments, or is the environment the primary factor that shapes people?

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Honoré de Balzac’s novel “The Peasants” boldly displays the rawest and sometimes darkest aspects of human nature in the shadow of the social and economic turmoil that flourished in the French countryside in the 19th century. The novel reveals how universal qualities such as greed, ambition and jealousy are combined

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How does Jung’s concept of the “shadow” address the flaws in human nature? Why is accepting the shadow important in the individuation process?

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Carl Gustav Jung’s concept of the “shadow” is a cornerstone of analytical psychology and provides a powerful framework for understanding the flaws, weaknesses, and repressed aspects of human nature. The shadow encompasses all of the characteristics, desires, urges, and emotions that an individual’s conscious self (ego) rejects or is unaware

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In Hindu belief, why did Brahma (the creator god) create an imperfect or suffering universe?

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In Hinduism, Brahma is conceived as the creative force of the universe, but this creation presents a cyclical, complex, and contradictory reality rather than absolute perfection. The imperfection or suffering of the universe cannot be understood by superficial observation alone; it is deeply connected to the fundamental principles of Hindu

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How does Umberto Eco’s novel “The Name of the Rose” connect the suppression of laughter in the Middle Ages with censorship in the modern age?

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Umberto Eco’s novel The Name of the Rose establishes a deep philosophical connection between the suppression of laughter in the Middle Ages and the mechanisms of censorship in the modern age. This connection is shaped through the themes of the desire of the government to control the truth, the regulation

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In the context of Schopenhauer’s concept of “will”: Is the character Heathcliff in Emily Brontë’s novel “Wuthering Heights” a prisoner of his passions or a conscious agent of evil?

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Schopenhauer’s Concept of “Will” in the Context of Heathcliff: Prisoner of Passions or Conscious Agent of Evil? The concept of “will” (Wille) in Arthur Schopenhauer’s philosophy is based on the fact that man’s basic impulses and unconscious desires determine his actions. According to Schopenhauer, will is a blind and relentless

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The tragic ending in Ehmedê Xanî’s work; is the death of Mem and Zîn an absurd ending or a romantic catharsis where love is crowned with death?

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The Death of Mem û Zîn: Absurd or Catharsis? The tragic ending in Ehmedê Xanî’s Mem û Zîn can be read from two basic philosophical perspectives: Is it a dead end of meaninglessness that confronts Albert Camus’s concept of the “absurd,” or should it be seen as the “exaltation of

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In Dostoyevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment,” does Raskolnikov’s remorse make him morally “good”?

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The remorse of conscience experienced by the Raskolnikov character in Dostoyevsky’s Crime and Punishment embodies one of the most complex moral contradictions discussed in the history of philosophy. The psychological collapse that Raskolnikov experiences after the murder raises fundamental problems such as the “ontological status of conscience,” “free will and

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In Mikhail Bulgakov’s The Master and Margarita, is Woland’s justice focused on punishing rather than transforming people? Or are his punishments a means of enlightenment?

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Woland, the demonic figure in Mikhail Bulgakov’s The Master and Margarita, is a character with a deep philosophical function that transcends traditional representations of evil. His understanding of justice is not limited to simply balancing crime and punishment; rather, it is a mechanism that exposes man’s moral decay and forces

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What are Carlo M. Cipolla’s “Fundamental Laws of Human Stupidity”? What is stupid, how to recognize it, how to combat it?

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Carlo M. Cipolla’s “The Basic Laws of Human Stupidity” are five basic laws that analyze human behavior and especially the concept of “stupidity”, which he presented in a humorous but profound article published in 1976. Cipolla defines stupidity through irrational behaviors of individuals that harm themselves and others, and with

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How is the relationship between poverty and crime discussed in Oliver Twist?

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The Philosophical Anatomy of the Relationship Between Poverty and Crime in Oliver Twist: An Existential Conflict Charles Dickens’s Oliver Twist treats the relationship between poverty and crime not as a purely sociological phenomenon, but as an ontological issue that reveals the fundamental contradictions of human existence. While the novel presents

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In Bertolt Brecht’s play “The Caucasian Chalk Circle”, can justice be achieved in a corrupt system only with a “ruleless” judge?

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The character of Azdak in Bertolt Brecht’s The Caucasian Chalk Circle emerges during a chaotic period of social transition when traditional institutions of justice collapse and power constantly changes hands. His identity as a “rule-breaking” judge presents a radical thesis that justice in a corrupt system can only be possible

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What metaphorical meanings might the petrifying effect of Medusa’s gaze have in today’s world?

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The petrifying effect of Medusa’s gaze expresses not only a physical transformation in Greek mythology, but also a deep metaphysical and psychological layer of meaning. In today’s world, this legendary power can be reinterpreted under a philosophical lens as a powerful metaphor that points to the various existential, ethical and

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To what extent does Achilles act out of strong emotions such as anger and revenge, making his decisions less than rational?

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Achilles’ journey in the Iliad strikingly reveals the tension between emotion and reason, one of the most fundamental dualities of human nature. In Homer’s epic, Achilles acts under the influence of strong emotions, especially anger (menis) and revenge. The question of to what extent these emotions alienate his decisions from

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How can each of the Karamazov brothers (Dmitri, Ivan, Alyosha) be related to Freud’s concepts of id, ego, and superego?

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The Relationship Between Freud’s Id, Ego and Superego Concepts and the Karamazov Brothers According to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, human psychology consists of three basic structures: id (primitive drives, pleasure seeking), ego (balancing element acting with the reality principle) and superego (moral standards, conscience). In The Brothers Karamazov, Dmitri, Ivan and

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According to Mephisto in Goethe’s Faust, is PAIN an inevitable part of human existence, a tool of manipulation, and a reality that has a dialectical relationship with pleasure?

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In Goethe’s Faust, Mephisto is a character who questions the dark aspects, desires and limits of human nature as a demonic figure. For Mephisto, pain is a fundamental component of human existence; it is neither a sacred test nor a divine blessing, but merely a natural result of human desires,

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Yunus Emre questions the relationship between existence and non-existence with expressions such as “Non-existence in existence, existence in non-existence.” Are existence and non-existence opposite concepts, or are they a complementary whole?

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Being and Non-being: Opposition or Totality? In philosophical thought, being and non-being are among the most fundamental ontological concepts. In ancient Greece, Parmenides considered being as an absolute reality and in a sense rejected non-being by saying, “There is no non-being, what exists exists.” According to him, non-being is something

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Is Etienne Lantier right when he cries out in Émile Zola’s Germinal, “We are not slaves! We starve, we die, they still want more!”?

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Lantier’s cry is a direct call to the concept of justice. Justice has been one of the cornerstones of philosophical thought from Plato to Rawls. In the Republic, Plato defines justice as each individual receiving what they deserve and the social order functioning in harmony. However, in Lantier’s world, the

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Free Will and Historical Events: An Illusion in Tolstoy’s Novel “War and Peace”?

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Lev Tolstoy’s novel War and Peace is not only a historical epic or the story of individual characters, but also a laboratory of thought seeking answers to the most fundamental philosophical questions of human existence. The nature of free will and its position vis-à-vis the flow of historical events come

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According to Charles Darwin, what is the role of moral values ​​in human survival?

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According to Charles Darwin’s evolutionary perspective, moral values ​​cannot be directly related to biological evolutionary processes in human survival. However, from an evolutionary perspective, moral values ​​can be considered to play an important role in enabling people to cooperate in social life, maintain order within groups, and increase their chances

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